The other day my 11-year-old son told me, “Poor people are poor because they don’t try hard enough.” I hope that he said this just to provoke me into debate (like mother like son). But the truth is, I think that empathy is something that he – like many people – struggles with. Intellectual smarts, which he has plenty of, are an entirely different aptitude than being able to imagine oneself in someone else’s shoes.

We had a long conversation about how hard it is to move out of poverty, and all of the barriers to success posed by a lack of access to good schools, health care, friends and relatives with interesting jobs and good connections, and all of the other advantages my son has. But discussions are not enough. Empathy is an ongoing, difficult struggle in ourselves and in our culture.

In a much-quoted 2006 speech, Barack Obama said,

You know, there’s a lot of talk in this country about the federal deficit. But I think we should talk more about our empathy deficit – the ability to put ourselves in someone else’s shoes; to see the world through the eyes of those who are different from us – the child who’s hungry, the steelworker who’s been laid-off, the family who lost the entire life they built together when the storm came to town. When you think like this – when you choose to broaden your ambit of concern and empathize with the plight of others, whether they are close friends or distant strangers – it becomes harder not to act; harder not to help.

Despite this speech, fostering empathy is not a visible priority in either the school curriculum or whatever remnants of civic dialogue are present in the United States. In fact, empathy is poorly defined, poorly understood, and rarely taught. What is the role that museums can and should play in addressing this gap?

What is empathy?

Empathy is a feeling of shared emotion with another person. It is not “I understand what you are feeling,” but rather, “I am feeling what you are feeling.” Empathy is often the result of what history educators call “Perspective taking.” Perspective taking is imagining or hypothesizing about what it would be like to be in another person’s shoes. Because they are so entwined, the phrase perspective taking is often used interchangeably with empathy.

What do museums have to do with empathy?

Gretchen Jennings writes that museums have a responsibility to demonstrate empathy toward their communities. In doing so, they might not only serve their visitors better, but also model a kinder society.

On another level, museums may be particularly effective vehicles at engaging visitors in empathetic responses. Museums provide immersive, personal experiences. Looking at a portrait of someone, or visiting an exhibition about a historical figure or moment, these distant people are palpable and present.

The 19^th century author George Eliot spoke beautifully about this, although she did not use the word empathy. She was talking about art rather than more generally about museums, but the impact she describes will resonate with any museum professional or visitor. In her 1856 essay “The Natural History of German Life,” Eliot wrote,

The greatest benefit we owe to the artist, whether painter, poet or novelist, is the extension of our sympathies. Appeals founded on generalizations and statistics require a sympathy ready-made, a moral sentiment already in activity; but a picture of human life such as a great artist can give, surprises even the trivial and the selfish into that attention to what is apart from themselves, which may be called the raw material of moral sentiment…. when Hornung paints a group of chimney-sweepers, — more is done towards linking the higher classes with the lower, towards obliterating the vulgarity of exclusiveness, than by hundreds of sermons and philosophical dissertations. Art is the nearest thing to life; it is a mode of amplifying experience and extending our contact with our fellow-men beyond the bounds of our personal lot.

Last year, working as a consultant, I was fortunate enough to do some work with the Lower East Side Tenement Museum in New York City. My job was to uncover the types of connections visitors were making, and to help the museum understand what educator techniques and behaviors fostered these impacts. Although we weren’t looking at empathy specifically, we kept circling back there. Of all of the types of connections made, empathy – which for this study we defined quite loosely as “exhibiting a response that indicated that visitors understood what someone else might have been thinking or feeling” – was the most common. Visitors were twice as likely to exhibit or claim empathetic responses (either on the tour or in focus groups after the tour) than connections with their own family story. They were four times as likely to exhibit empathetic responses as they were to make connections between these historical families and contemporary social issues.  An earlier study at the Tenement Museum also emphasized the prevalence of empathetic feeling as a visitor outcome: In a 2013 study researcher Laurajean Smith found that 22.5% of visitors reported feeling empathy with immigrants of the past after the tour.

So empathy is important and museums are good at eliciting empathy. I’ll put that in my next grant proposal – done! What more do I need to know?

There are some techniques that history educators recommend for fostering empathy. Some of these are better rooted in research than others. But it appears likely that empathy – like other museum outcomes – is something that we can do a better job of fostering if we know what works, and why.

5 tips for Fostering Empathy

1. Empathy requires hard work. People often imagine how others feel or felt based on their own personal experience or on stereotypes. If you are going to make empathy a goal of your programs or tours, make sure to provide time and support for this.
2. Provide context before asking people to imagine the lives or feelings of the historical figures visitors are studying. Make sure this context is relevant, and will help visitors answer or consider empathy-related prompts.
3. Explicitly ask visitors to imagine themselves in another’s position. The question “How might they have felt if…” may be more productive than “How would you feel if…”
4. If you are teaching about people who lived in the past, make sure not to compare the past and present in a way that suggests people suffered because they don’t have what we have now. No one in the 19^th century felt like they were suffering because they did not have computers, television, or air conditioning, so it is not useful to suggest this to visitors.
5. If you are talking about people who are physically uncomfortable, consider making your visitors (mildly) physically uncomfortable. Research shows that when people are physically comfortable, it is harder to empathize with people in states of discomfort.

Empathy Resources

Here are some articles worth reading:

Converse, B.A., Lin, S., Keysar, B., and Epley, N. (2008) In the mood to get over yourself: Mood affects theory-of-mind use. Emotion, vol. 8 no. 5, 725-730.

Cunningham, D. L. (2009). An empirical framework for understanding how teachers conceptualize and cultivate historical empathy in students. Journal of Curriculum Studies, v. 41 n. 5, 679-709.

Epley, N. (2008). Solving the (Real) Other Minds Problem. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, v. 2 n. 3, pp 1455-1474.

Galinsky, A. D., Ku, G., & Wang, C. S. (2005). Perspective-Taking and Self-Other Overlap: Fostering Social Bonds and Facilitating Social Coordination. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, v. 8 n. 2, 109-124.

Lee, P. & Ashby, R. (2001). Empathy, perspective taking, and rational understanding. In O.L. Davis Jr, Elizabeth Anne Yeager, and Stuart J. Foster (Eds.), Historical Empathy and Perspective Taking in the Social Studies (pp. 21-50). (New York: Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Riley, K. L. (2001). The Holocaust and historical empathy: The politics of understanding. In O.L. Davis Jr, Elizabeth Anne Yeager, and Stuart J. Foster (Eds.), Historical Empathy and Perspective Taking in the Social Studies (pp. 139-166). (New York: Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

VanSledright, B. (2001). From empathic regard to self-understanding: Im/Positionality, empathy, and historical contextualization. In O.L. Davis Jr, Elizabeth Anne Yeager, and Stuart J. Foster (Eds.), Historical Empathy and Perspective Taking in the Social Studies (pp. 51-68). (New York: Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

If you will be at AAM, come hear more at the session “Exploring Empathy: Research on a Hot (but Tricky) Concept,” which I am co-presenting with Adam Nilsen and Miriam Bader.